Arctic river channels changing due to climate change
British Columbia, Canada: Observing the effects of climate change on huge rivers in Arctic Canada and Alaska, a group of international researchers found that despite the region's rapid warming, its rivers are not flowing as predicted by scientists.
Landscape scientist Dr Alessandro Ielpi is an Assistant Professor in the Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science at UBC Okanagan. He is also the primary author of an article that was just published in Nature Climate Change. The study, done in collaboration with Stanford University's Dr Mathieu Lapotre, the University of Padua in Italy's Dr Alvise Finotello, and the University of Laval's Dr Pascale Roy-Leveillee, investigates how atmospheric warming is altering Arctic rivers flowing across permafrost terrain.
Their findings, says Dr Ielpi, were a bit surprising.
"The western Arctic is one of the areas in the world experiencing the sharpest atmospheric warming due to climate change," he says. "Many northern scientists predicted the rivers would be destabilized by atmospheric warming. The understanding was that as permafrost thaws, riverbanks are weakened, and therefore northern rivers are less stable and expected to shift their channel positions at a faster pace."
This assumption of faster channel migration owing to climate change has dominated the scientific community for decades.
"But the assumption had never been verified against field observations," he adds.
To test this assumption, Dr Ielpi and his team analyzed a collection of time-lapsed satellite images -- stretching back more than 50 years. They compared more than a thousand kilometres of riverbanks from 10 Arctic rivers in Alaska, the Yukon and Northwest Territories, including major watercourses like the Mackenzie, Porcupine, Slave, Stewart and Yukon.
"We tested the hypothesis that large sinuous rivers in permafrost terrain are moving faster under a warming climate and we found exactly the opposite," he says. "Yes, permafrost is degrading, but the influence of other environmental changes, such as the greening of the Arctic, counteracts its effects. Higher temperatures and more moisture in the Arctic mean the region is greening up. Shrubs are expanding, growing thicker and taller on areas that were previously only sparsely vegetated."
This growing and robust vegetation along the riverbanks means the banks have become more stable.
"The dynamics of these rivers reflect the extent and impact of global climate change on sediment erosion and deposition in Arctic watersheds," Dr Ielpi and his colleagues write in the paper. "Understanding the behaviour of these rivers in response to environmental changes is paramount to understanding and working with the impact of climate warming on Arctic regions."
Dr Ielpi points out that monitoring riverbank erosion and channel migration around the globe is an important tool that should be widely used to understand climate change. As part of this research, a dataset of rivers found in non-permafrost regions and representative of warmer climates in the Americas, Africa and Oceania was also analyzed. Those rivers migrated at rates consistent with what was reported in previous studies, unlike those in the Arctic.
"We found that large sinuous rivers with various degrees of permafrost distribution in their floodplains and catchments, display instead a peculiar range in migration rates," says Dr Ielpi. "Surprisingly, these rivers migrate at slower rates under warming temperatures."
The time-lapse analysis shows that the sideways migration of large Arctic sinuous rivers has decreased by about 20 per cent over the last half-century.
"The migration deceleration of about 20 per cent of the documented Arctic watercourses in the last half century is an important continent-scale signal. And our methodology tells us that 20 per cent may very well be a conservative measure," he says. "We're confident it can be linked to processes such as shrubification and permafrost thaw, which are in turn related to atmospheric warming.
"Scientific thinking often evolves through incremental discoveries, although great value lies in disruptive ideas that force us to look at an old problem with new eyes," states Dr Ielpi. "We sincerely hope our study will encourage landscape and climate scientists elsewhere to re-evaluate other core assumptions that, upon testing, may reveal fascinating and exciting facets of our ever-changing planet."
